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Genetics and Adaptation

Introduction
This unit reinforces and extends the basic concepts and ideas established in Standard Grade Biology and in the Environmental Biology and Genetics (Int 2) unit. Sources of variation are examined, namely: independent assortment, crossing over and mutation. The concept of natural selection, which is by far the most important factor in evolution, leads to an understanding of the idea of speciation.
Artificial selection has been so successful in producing superior strains that there is a need to conserve traditional varieties. The content of genetic engineering takes account of the Standard Grade topic of Biotechnology. The examination and interpretation of data provide evidence to support the concepts of selection and speciation. Evolution is introduced as a continuing process and the various causal
factors are explained.
Organisms are faced with many problems such as maintaining a water balance, obtaining food and coping with dangers. Animals and plants have different ways of dealing with these problems due, in the main, to their fundamental differences. eg sessility or mobility.
A recurring theme is the extent to which both plants and animals are adapted physiologically, structurally and behaviourally for survival and continuation of the species.
Candidates undertaking this unit should have a clear understanding of the following areas from Standard Grade Biology:
Topic 2 The World of Plants: effect of environmental conditions on plants; transport systems in plants, gas exchange in plants; photosynthesis.
Topic 3 Animal Survival: kidney structure and function; effects of environmental factors on behaviour.
Topic 4 Investigating Cells: cell division and mitosis.
Topic 6 Inheritance: chromosomes; genes.
Topic 7 Biotechnology: control by chromosomes.

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