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a) Fuels
(i) Petrol
Petrol can be produced by the reforming of naphtha.
Reforming alters the arrangement of atoms in molecules without necessarily changing the number of carbon atoms per molecule.
(ii) Alternative fuels
Sugar cane is a renewable source of ethanol for mixing with petrol.
There are both advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of methanol as an alternative fuel to petrol.
Some biological materials, under anaerobic conditions, ferment to produce methane.
In the future a ‘hydrogen economy’ could see the use of hydrogen as a means of storing and distributing energy.
b) Nomenclature and structural formulae
(i) Hydrocarbons
Systematic names, full and shortened structural formulae can be used for straight and
branched-chain alkanes, alkenes and alkynes (only to C8).
(ii) Substituted alkanes
An alcohol can be identified from the hydroxyl functional group and the ‘-ol’ name
ending.
Alkanols are a homologous series of alcohols based on the corresponding parent alkanes.
(iii) Esters
An ester can be identified from the functional group and the ‘-oate’ ending.
An ester can be named given the names of the parent alkanol and alkanoic acid, or
from shortened and full structural formulae.
(iv) Aromatic hydrocarbons
Benzene is the simplest member of the class of aromatic hydrocarbons.
The benzene ring has a distinctive structural formula.

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