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The biochemical reactions taking place within the individual living cell are fundamental to the
functioning of the whole organism. It is desirable that candidates should acquire an overall
understanding of cells as functional living units. The great variety of cell structure to be found reflects
the functional demands placed on cells. Organelles are introduced only where a knowledge of their
structure is essential in order to understand their function.
It is important that basic concepts are not lost in dealing with the mechanisms of photosynthesis and
respiration, namely that:
• each major biochemical conversion is accomplished by a sequence of reactions, each of which is
catalysed by a specific enzyme; these sequences form metabolic pathways and are found in all
types of cells
• in metabolic pathways, oxidation and reduction of substrates are most frequently accomplished by
the removal or addition of hydrogen; oxidation of substrates releases energy and the reduction of
substrates requires the consumption of energy
• the regeneration of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) from ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and Pi
(Inorganic phosphate) is a major function of photosynthesis and respiration; the ATP regenerated
is utilised in other cellular processes during which it is converted to ADP and Pi.
The approach to photosynthesis and respiration should aim to establish the ideas of fixation of energy
and its orderly release. Care should he taken to avoid stressing the chemical complexity of each and
the use of biochemical terminology should he minimised. It will be sufficient to account for the
number of carbons in the cycles without reference to named intermediate compounds, other than those
specifically mentioned below.
Where hydrogen is mentioned in photosynthesis and respiration, it should he made clear that it is not
atomic or molecular hydrogen. but temporarily bound to a reduced coenzyme.

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