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Outcome 1
a) Cell structure and function
i Similarities and differences between animal, plant and microbial cells.
ii Function of cell structures.
iii Commercial and industrial uses of cells.
Bread making.
Alcohol production.
Antibiotic production.
Yoghurt production
Alternative fuel production.
b) Diffusion and osmosis in plant and animal cells
i Diffusion as the movement of substances from a high concentration to a low concentration
down a concentration gradient.
ii The importance of diffusion to cells.
iii Osmosis as a ‘special case’ of diffusion of water.
iv Osmotic effects in plant and animal cells.
c) Enzyme action
1 Enzyme properties
i Properties of catalysts and enzymes.
ii Specificity of enzymes for their substrates.
iii Enzymes involved in degradation and in synthesis.
2 Factors affecting activity
d) Aerobic and anaerobic respiration
1 Energy release
i Glucose as a source of energy in the cell.
ii Role of ATP.
iii Comparison of energy yield in aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
2 Products
i Aerobic Pathway.
ii Anaerobic Pathway.

Biology: Unit Specification – Living Cells (Int 2) 39
National Unit Specification: support notes
UNIT Living Cells (Intermediate 2)
e) Photosynthesis
1 Energy Fixation
i Sunlight as the source of energy.
ii Summary equation for photosynthesis.
iii Photosynthesis as a set of two summary reactions: photolysis followed by carbon fixation.
iv Conversion of glucose to other carbohydrates.
2 Factors affecting rate of photosynthesis
i Limiting factors.
ii Production of early crops in horticulture.
Further detail is given in the supplementary notes in the course content section of the course
specification.

Outcome 2
Examples of learning activities which provide suitable contexts for the development of problem
solving skills include:
select and present data on the commercial and industrial uses of micro-organisms
plan and design an investigation into the influence of temperature and pH on enzyme activity
select and present data on the energy content of foods
plan and design an investigation into anaerobic respiration in yeast.

Outcome 3
Suitable experiments include:
carry out an experiment to demonstrate lactic acid production by yoghurt bacteria
carry out an experiment to demonstrate osmosis using Visking tubing model cells and potato or other
plant material
carry out an experiment to demonstrate the specificity of enzymes
carry out an experiment to compare photosynthesis in light and dark conditions and in the presence
and absence of carbon dioxide.
Candidates or centres could devise other appropriate experiments in the context of cell structure and
function, diffusion and osmosis, enzyme action, aerobic and anaerobic respiration or photosynthesis.

The experiments chosen should allow all the performance criteria for this outcome to be achieved
within any single report.

Qualified Biology teachers at all levels across the Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Renfrewshire and Ayrshire areas. Home Tuition Scotland can help your child achieve Biology exam success.

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